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There are various types of schools in Germany. After completing the elementary school pupils are choosing between the Hauptschule, the Realschule and the Gymnasium.

In some places a Realschule and a Hauptschule occupy one building. Teachers’ staff and administrative personnel are also shared. But the students of each school do not contact much with each other. They have absolutely different curricula. These combined schools have different titles in different states: Regelschule, Sekundarschule and Mittelschule.

Gymnasium is another German secondary institution. Studying there usually leads to the studying at universities. Education is liberal here. One may enter a Gymnasium in the 5th grade or in the 11th (after compliting a Realschule). The Oberstufe is the period of studying in Gymnasium (the final 3 years).

Education in the Gymnasium includes studying math-natural sciences, modern and classical languages. To complete the Gymnasium pupils should pass comprehensive exams. Only then they receive the Abitur giving the pupils the opportunity to study at a university or some vocational school (upper level).

Gesamtschule is not found in every German state. The main peculiarity of this school is that its pupils are not divided according to their levels of achievements and abilities. The first 2 years of studying there are considered to be some kind of orientation period. The differentiation between the pupils is done only in the 6th grade: there are basic level courses, and the courses of a more advanced level in English and math. At the later grades students choose the most appropriate courses according to their abilities. If a student is good at math, he/she may choose a specific A/B level course. C level is for those who are weak at some discipline. If the student improves his achievements, he/she is always welcome to transfer.

If students complete the courses of advanced level successfully (studying at least 2 foreign languages) they may enter a Gymnasium and receive the Abitur.

Generally speaking education system is  rather flexible in Germany.

Schools in Germany are divided according to the pupils’ academic achievements, their abilities and talents. Hauptschulien are for those whose level of knowledge was not really high at the elementary school. Children there receive the basis instructions in a slower way. The subjects taught at Hauptschule are the same as at Gymnasium or Realschule (the schools of a higher level of studying). In addition to the main general subjects there are specific occupational disciplines.

Generally speaking in almost every German state Haupschule covers 5th-7th grades. In some states pupils study in Hauptshule up to the 10th grade.

After completing the Hauptschule most of the pupils enter part or full-time vocational programs combining it with the further studying. These programs last in general for 2 or three years. All the students are provided with extensive training and receive the certified skills.

Realschule is another alternative for those who completed elementary school. Education in Realschule is liberal and practical at the same time. But liberal orientation is major. Realschule is divided in its turn in two levels. These are the Unterstufe (the 6th-7th grades, a lower level) and the Oberstufe (an upper level covering the 8th-10th grades). In the Unterstufe a strong emphasis is done one pedagogics, while the Oberstufe pays much attention to the disciplines in particular.

After completing the Realschule pupils get the opportunity either to enter a Gymnasium or one of the vocational schools of the upper level, such as : the Berufsaufbauschule, the Berufsfachschule, the Berufliches Gymnasium, the Fachoberschule, the Fachschule or the Fachgymnasium.

Very often parents in Germany are those who decide where it is better for their children to study. Kids are not making such serious decisions. Generally speaking the educational atmosphere at Grundschule (German elementary school) is relaxed. This leads to the absolute unawareness of the pupils of their grades’ importance. Pupils would have to say good-bye to their old classmate friends. In elementary schools classes are not big; in secondary schools the sizes of the classes differ.

But the main motivation in choosing the school and the class is indisputably children’s abilities and personalities. The school should be appropriate. Every detail even a little one becomes important to make a right decision. It may be the location of the school, the presence or absence of a school bus, contemporariness of teachers and their methods of studying etc.

Parents should know about the school system. Even if it is decided to go to a Gymnasium, the next task is to choose its kind. Most of the parents think their children are too little, that it is too early to make such a serious decision. Maybe later they would develop some new talents and would become interested in absolutely different sphere.

It is important to find out the reputation of the school. In some prestigious Gymnasien the Greek and Latin languages are taught. Most of the schools have special language, music or science programs.

Each spring there are information sessions held to help parents. Principals from different schools present their institutions.

Each secondary school executes some particular educational and social tasks. Pupils are first of all motivated to learn. If the school is not appropriate, it could harm a child much. It is not easy to make the future of your children!

Since children start going to school they got used to receive grades. Starting with the fourth grade studying becomes more academic. There are fewer learning games, as the fourth-grade pupils prepare for the more serious education at the secondary school. The atmosphere cannot be called a relax one for sure. There are several secondary school forms in Germany. Teacher may recommend the better choice for the pupils, but the decision is made by the parents in the end.

Parents follow children’s academic preferences. The grading scale in Germany goes from 1to 6 (corresponding A-F). To enter many schools there is a certain grade requirement. But not every state does it. Pupils may transfer to the Realschule or the Gymnasium. If children do not have a necessary grade average, they may attend one of the schools on probationary basis, if their parents request for it. In other states pupils in order to enter some particular school are taking exam. Then they get on the probation period. To stay at the school, pupils have to achieve the required level of knowledge. Otherwise children may go to the Hauptschule. Do children take part in making a decision when choosing a school?

It is not easy for parents to choose which school form is a better one for their kids. Of course, many parents rely much on the advice of the teacher of the elementary school, where their children studied before. For the majority such recommendation is obligatory. Who if not the teacher knows better children’s educational potential? Pupils would have to work independently and be self-confident. This fact is also taken into consideration when making the decision.

At the same time there are many parents who do not want to follow the teacher’s recommendation. To study at a Gymnasium or a Realschule is more prestigious, there are more educational opportunities. As a consequence pupils would obtain a higher social status and a better job. The graduates of the Hauptschule have not so many educational and occupational opportunities. Parents are much aware of it. So everything should be carefully considered.

When children in Germany turn 6 they start going to school. The first 4 years they are studying at the so-called Grundschule. It is compulsory. This institution is highly egalitarian. Children are not divided into groups according to their ability level. Each kid’s potential should be fostered! This is the main task for the teachers of Grundschule. They are also responsible for the weaker pupils, teachers are to help them and support all the pupils in the class at one and the same time. Sometimes teachers leave some extra time for the weak pupils after classes, so that they could keep up.

The class should become a real team, so often the group has the same teacher for at least 2 years. It is not rare when one teacher stays with the class since the 1st and up to the 4th grades. It leads to the visible students’ progress as individual support is provided for every pupil.

Sometimes weak children are held back a year. It happens when the teacher thinks the weakness would only worsen. Usually this decision needs the approval of the school authority. But retention is not often.

Much attention is paid on the education of disabled children. There are special schools for such kids – Sonderschulen.

Teachers try to make studying a pleasant experience for kids. School should be as educational as enjoyable. Developing a positive atmosphere in the class is very important; classmates should get along well with each other. Pupils should be interested in what they are doing. Even studying mathematics may become some kind of a game.

Grundschule teachers are responsible for the pupils’ social behavior. This is a very important educational experience. Very often pupils are encouraged to help one another. Pupils should know about their cultural backgrounds, such discussions are not seldom at Grundschule. Other topics for discussions in the class are human weaknesses and strengths or inappropriate behavior of some of the pupils. Kids are taught to be responsible; they water flowers in the classroom or pass out bottles of milk.

Teachers at the different Grundschulen we paid a visit shared the viewpoint that school ought to be a enjoyable experience for kids. They stated it is essential to make school pleasant in addition to educational, and that teachers try to develop fine relationships with the kids in their group of students. One illustration of this philosophy’s incorporation into the class was seen in one third-grade group where the teacher started every day by having all the class play a small musical piece on their recorders. Moreover, teachers stated that some learning games are incorporated into classroom exercises so as to engage students as well as maintain their interest. Though they suggested that it is particularly common during the first couple of years in Grundschule, we watched a third-grade exercise in mathematics that also gripped the whole class in a learning game that required oral problem solving, when students were earning turns at producing the problems later than they supplied the right answer to the preceding problem.

Teachers in Grundschule also regard themselves as an example for social behavior. So they claimed that teaching in good enough social behavior is a very important component of kids’ educational experience in the Grundschule. A lot of teachers reported and used small group work as well as peer tutoring as some integral parts of instruction in classroom to promote socialization plus to facilitate learning, also they actively encouraged kids to assist one another. Besides, several teachers mentioned how they regularly had frank discussions in their class about disparity in the cultural peculiarities of the kids in the class, concerning how people have diverse strengths and weaknesses, and about aggressive and inappropriate behavior, that was troublesome to the class. So, teaching responsibility was as well stated as a chief goal, and all the teachers assigned their classroom duties, for example, watering plants and passing out bottles with milk at meal time to promote their responsibility.

Grundschule

Children in Germany are required to go to Grundschule when they are six years old for 4 years. The Grundschule provides, in a nurturing environment, the educational as well as social foundation for kids in Germany. Contrary to the education structure at the levels of higher-grade, the Grundschule is considered to be a highly egalitarian institute. There isn’t  any tracking of kids or grouping by intensity of ability in classes. The school’s aim is to foster every kid’s full potential. Teachers in Grundschule believe that their responsibility is to bring all the weaker kids along and to aid them keep up, as fostering learning for every child in the class. Thus, teachers save time for assisting weak pupils both during class as well as after school.

So as to help class cohesiveness as well as bonding between pupils and teachers, teachers in Grundschule often educate the same people for more than a year, and a lot of teachers and principals noticed that schools attempt to keep one teacher with one and the same group of students from their first grade and through the fourth one. Teachers said that such a practice also strengthen their ability to evaluate each student’s academic growth and provide ongoing personal support.

Kids may be in a weak position a year if the teacher determines their weaknesses would just get worse if they were just promoted with their groupmates. Nevertheless, retention is not very popular, as frequently today as it was earlier and a teacher’s conclusion to retain a learner often must be accepted by the authority of the school. In spite of the increasing lack of enthusiasm to retain pupils at some elementary levels, we discovered that there isn’t much stigma connected with retention. As an alternative, it is regarded as an important way of fostering progress and is completed with the kid’s best benefit in mind. Though there exist some movement to the integration of kids with disabilities, the majority are referred to school of numerous special schools named Sonderschulen and never attend Grundschule.

One of the best education structures in the world, i.e. Germany’s education one is a all-inclusive and comprehensive. The numerous options of higher learning schools as well as universities in this country offer education to great number of Germans along with foreign student-aspirants, each year. Generally, there exist two different types of educational systems offered in Germany which are the following:

1) General education.

2) Vocational education (also known as dual education).

There are three levels in general education - lower secondary school, then intermediate or else secondary school plus upper secondary school. Besides, there are not many comprehensive schools, specially in an integrated structure in the Northern Germany. German higher education includes Universities, Technical Universities as well as Colleges of education plus specialized colleges. Not counting general universities, there exist many technical, theological, art, and music, pedagogical as well as specialized universities situated in Germany. So, studies take from 6 - 8 years and your certificates is influenced by the subject choice and your level of study.

Then the certifications will guide to graduation, diploma as well as other awards. Students that want to get a further qualification must write a final test (exam) in order to acquire a PhD (or Doctoral degree). German vocational education is the so-called dual educational structure that the majority of the students decide on at the very end of their compulsory schooling. Besides, it has some vocational training contract, that helps youth to get professional education, skills in addition to training in enterprises. So, this contract is the guarantee of a legal apprenticeship. Such schools as vocational schools and specialized vocational schools as well as vocational extension schools or specialized schools are the part of the vocational education structure as well.

Germany was one those countries that first introduced compulsory schooling. Besides, optional education in kindergarten is given to all children from three to six years old, and after which school attending is compulsory for a period from ten and to thirteen years.

So, education is the duty of every state (Lдnder), all with diverse methodologies. Conditional on where you come, you will find dissimilar school as well as university structures, exams or enrolment rules.

Until last years, Germans have been very proud of the German educational standards, however the 2002 OECD Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) research of the skills of children of 15 years old in 32 mostly industrialized countries caused a shock-wave all over the country when children in Germany happen to be in the lower position. Since that time, there has been a lot of debate concerning educational reforms.

So, education is obligatory in Germany for at any rate nine years (in some states ten), with kids beginning their full-time education when they are six. German Education is usually free from primary school and to university. Though, today there are efforts to introduce and raised tuition charge in universities.

Egalitarism in  Education

Unlike other Europeans, German people have always used a very egalitarian course to education. There exist special schools for people with mental or physical abilities, however there isn’t  elite schools such as  France’s Grande Ecoles and the top set of highly choosy Univertisities similar to in the United Kingdom (though there are a number of attempts to create some special institutions for the very talented as well).

In spite of its egalitarian approach, the German school scheme separates all kids into separate schooling categories when they are 10 years old (Gymnasium, Realschule plus Hauptschule). This process takes place on founded on an estimation of the kid’s ability known from the first four years in primary school. Critics state that this is very early to notice a child’s capabilities, as a result some Lдnder have established common schools (Gesamtschulen) and there all children study together till the 10th grade. So as to enter some university, all students of high school have to take the so –called Abitur examination, that can be done either at the Gymnasium or the Gesamtschule.